Skip to main content
Home
Zeitschriften
Zeitungen
Podcast
Gesundheitspolitik
Praxis
Allerlei
Jobs
Fachgebiete
Allgemeinmedizin Anästhesiologie & Intensivmedizin Apotheke Augenheilkunde Chirurgie Dermatologie Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe HNO Innere Medizin Kinder & Jugendheilkunde Neurologie & Psychiatrie Orthopädie & Unfallchirurgie Pflege Urologie Zahnmedizin
Subfächer Innere Medizin
Diabetologie Gastroenterologie Infektiologie Kardiologie Onkologie und Hämatologie Pneumologie Rheumatologie
Fortbildungen
Überblick Fortbildungen DFP-Literaturstudium-Artikel DFP-Webcast Fortbildungen DFP-Podcasts
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben
Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift
Erschienen in:

01.02.2015 | main topic

Treatment of osteoporosis: current state of the art

verfasst von: Irene Hamrick, MD, Sarina Schrager, MD, Ann Marie Nye, PharmD

Erschienen in: Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift | Ausgabe 3-4/2015

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Summary

Osteoporosis can be treated with medications and lifestyle changes, including avoiding a sedentary lifestyle, alcohol, and smoking. We will identify medications that protect against hip fractures in addition to vertebral fractures, and explore new evidence of adverse effects and risks. Bisphosphonates are used as first-line treatment. We will discuss the latest osteoporosis medications, drug interactions, potential bone protective effects of other drug classes, and the evidence of exercise and kyphoplasty.
Vorheriger Artikel Molecular and cellular basis of bone resorption
Nächster Artikel Cathepsin K-Inhibitoren: präklinische und klinische Daten
Literatur
1.
Melton LJ III, Chrischilles EA, Cooper C, Lane AW, Riggs BL. Perspective. How many women have osteoporosis? J Bone Miner Res. 1992;7(9):1005–10.PubMed
2.
Freedman KB, Kaplan FS, Bilker WB, Strom BL, Lowe RA. Treatment of osteoporosis: are physicians missing an opportunity? J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2000;82-A(8):1063–70.PubMed
3.
Andrade SE, Majumdar SR, Chan KA, Buist DS, Go AS, Goodman M, et al. Low frequency of treatment of osteoporosis among postmenopausal women following a fracture. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:2052–7.PubMed
4.
Harrington JT, Broy SB, Derosa AM, Licata AA, Shewmon DA. Hip fracture patients are not treated for osteoporosis: a call to action. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;47(6):651–4.PubMed
5.
Neuner JM, Zimmer JK, Hamel MB. Diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis in patients with vertebral compression fractures. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003;51(4):483–91.PubMed
6.
Cuddihy MT, Gabriel SE, Crowson CS, Atkinson EJ, Tabini C, O'Fallon WM, et al. Osteoporosis intervention following distal forearm fractures: a missed opportunity? Arch Intern Med. 2002;162(4):421–6.PubMed
7.
Khan SA, de Geus C, Holroyd B, Russell AS. Osteoporosis follow-up after wrist fractures following minor trauma. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161(10):1309–12.PubMed
8.
Alam NM, Archer JA, Lee E. Osteoporotic fragility fractures in African Americans: under-recognized and undertreated. J Natl Med Assoc. 2004;96(12):1640–5.PubMedCentralPubMed
9.
Hamrick I, Whetstone LM, Cummings DM. Racial disparity in treatment of osteoporosis after diagnosis. Osteoporos Int. 2006;17(11):1653–8.PubMed
10.
Brennan RM, Wactawski-Wende J, Crespo CJ, Dmochowski J. Factors associated with treatment initiation after osteoporosis screening. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;160(5):475–83.PubMed
11.
Solomon DH, Avorn J, Katz JN, Finkelstein JS, Arnold M, Polinski JM, et al. Compliance with osteoporosis medications. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165(20):2414–9.PubMed
12.
Weinstein RS, Roberson PK, Manolagas SC. Giant osteoclast formation and long-term oral bisphosphonate therapy. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(1):53–62.PubMedCentralPubMed
13.
Russell RG. Bisphosphonates: from bench to bedside. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006;1068:367–401.PubMed
14.
Plotkin LI, Weinstein RS, Parfitt AM, Roberson PK, Manolagas SC, Bellido T. Prevention of osteocyte and osteoblast apoptosis by bisphosphonates and calcitonin. J Clin Invest. 1999;104(10):1363–74.PubMedCentralPubMed
15.
Dimai HP, Pietschmann P, Resch H, Leb G, Klaushofer K. [Guidelines for drug therapy of postmenopausal osteoporosis]. Wien Med Wochenschr. 2002;152(23–24):596–612.PubMed
16.
Black DM, Cummings SR, Karpf DB, Cauley JA, Thompson DE, Nevitt MC, et al. Randomised trial of effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with existing vertebral fractures. Fracture Intervention Trial Research Group. Lancet. 1996;348(9041):1535–41.PubMed
17.
McClung MR, Geusens P, Miller PD, Zippel H, Bensen WG, Roux C, et al. Effect of risedronate on the risk of hip fracture in elderly women. Hip Intervention Program Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(5):333–40.PubMed
18.
Black DM, Delmas PD, Eastell R, Reid IR, Boonen S, Cauley JA, et al. Once-yearly zoledronic acid for treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(18):1809–22.PubMed
19.
Chesnut IC, Skag A, Christiansen C, Recker R, Stakkestad JA, Hoiseth A, et al. Effects of oral ibandronate administered daily or intermittently on fracture risk in postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19(8):1241–9.
20.
de Groen PC, Lubbe DF, Hirsch LJ, Daifotis A, Stephenson W, Freedholm D, et al. Esophagitis associated with the use of alendronate. N Engl J Med. 1996;335(14):1016–21.PubMed
21.
McClung MR, Balske A, Burgio DE, Wenderoth D, Recker RR. Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis with delayed-release risedronate 35 mg weekly for 2 years. Osteoporos Int. 2013;24(1):301–10.PubMedCentralPubMed
22.
Shane E, Burr D, Abrahamsen B, Adler RA, Brown TD, Cheung AM, et al. Atypical subtrochanteric and diaphyseal femoral fractures: second report of a Task Force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. J Bone Miner Res. 2014;29(1):1–23.PubMed
23.
Woo SB, Hellstein JW, Kalmar JR. Narrative [corrected] review: bisphosphonates and osteonecrosis of the jaws. Ann Intern Med. 2006;144(10):753–61.PubMed
24.
Kim TY, Ha YC, Kang BJ, Lee YK, Koo KH. Does early administration of bisphosphonate affect fracture healing in patients with intertrochanteric fractures? J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2012;94(7):956–60.PubMed
25.
Schilcher J, Michaelsson K, Aspenberg P. Bisphosphonate use and atypical fractures of the femoral shaft. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(18):1728–37.PubMed
26.
Black DM, Schwartz AV, Ensrud KE, Cauley JA, Levis S, Quandt SA, et al. Effects of continuing or stopping alendronate after 5 years of treatment: the Fracture Intervention Trial Long-term Extension (FLEX): a randomized trial. JAMA. 2006;296(24):2927–38.PubMed
27.
Recker R, Lappe J, Davies K, Heaney R. Characterization of perimenopausal bone loss: a prospective study. J Bone Miner Res. 2000;15(10):1965–73.PubMed
28.
Nelson HD, Walker M, Zakher B, Mitchell J. Menopausal hormone therapy for the primary prevention of chronic conditions: a systematic review to update the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendations. Ann Intern Med. 2012;157(2):104–13.PubMed
29.
Palacios S, Brincat M, Erel CT, Gambacciani M, Lambrinoudaki I, Moen MH, et al. EMAS clinical guide: selective estrogen receptor modulators for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Maturitas. 2012;71(2):194–8.PubMed
30.
Seeman E, Crans GG, Diez-Perez A, Pinette KV, Delmas PD. Anti-vertebral fracture efficacy of raloxifene: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2006;17(2):313–6.PubMed
31.
Cummings SR, Ensrud K, Delmas PD, LaCroix AZ, Vukicevic S, Reid DM, et al. Lasofoxifene in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(8):686–96.PubMed
32.
Sambrook PN, Geusens P, Ribot C, Solimano JA, Ferrer-Barriendos J, Gaines K, et al. Alendronate produces greater effects than raloxifene on bone density and bone turnover in postmenopausal women with low bone density: results of EFFECT (Efficacy of FOSAMAX versus EVISTA Comparison Trial) International. J Intern Med. 2004;255(4):503–11.PubMed
33.
Reid IR, Eastell R, Fogelman I, Adachi JD, Rosen A, Netelenbos C, et al. A comparison of the effects of raloxifene and conjugated equine estrogen on bone and lipids in healthy postmenopausal women. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(8):871–9.PubMed
34.
North American Menopause Society. Management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: 2010 position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2010;17(1):25–54. (quiz 5–6).
35.
Chesnut CH III, Silverman S, Andriano K, Genant H, Gimona A, Harris S, et al. A randomized trial of nasal spray salmon calcitonin in postmenopausal women with established osteoporosis: the prevent recurrence of osteoporotic fractures study. PROOF Study Group. Am J Med. 2000;109(4):267–76.PubMed
36.
Silverman SL, Azria M. The analgesic role of calcitonin following osteoporotic fracture. Osteoporos Int. 2002;13(11):858–67.PubMed
37.
Blau LA, Hoehns JD. Analgesic efficacy of calcitonin for vertebral fracture pain. Ann Pharmacother. 2003;37(4):564–70.PubMed
38.
39.
40.
Tam CS, Heersche JN, Murray TM, Parsons JA. Parathyroid hormone stimulates the bone apposition rate independently of its resorptive action: differential effects of intermittent and continuous administration. Endocrinology. 1982;110(2):506–12.PubMed
41.
Han SL, Wan SL. Effect of teriparatide on bone mineral density and fracture in postmenopausal osteoporosis: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Int J Clin Pract. 2012;66(2):199–209.PubMed
42.
Neer RM, Arnaud CD, Zanchetta JR, Prince R, Gaich GA, Reginster JY, et al. Effect of parathyroid hormone (1–34) on fractures and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(19):1434–41.PubMed
43.
Fahrleitner-Pammer A, Langdahl BL, Marin F, Jakob F, Karras D, Barrett A, et al. Fracture rate and back pain during and after discontinuation of teriparatide: 36-month data from the European Forsteo Observational Study (EFOS). Osteoporos Int. 2011;22(10):2709–19.PubMedCentralPubMed
44.
Jakob F, Oertel H, Langdahl B, Ljunggren O, Barrett A, Karras D, et al. Effects of teriparatide in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis pre-treated with bisphosphonates: 36-month results from the European Forsteo Observational Study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2012;166(1):87–97.PubMedCentralPubMed
45.
Sugimoto T, Shiraki M, Nakano T, Kishimoto H, Ito M, Fukunaga M, et al. Vertebral fracture risk after once-weekly teriparatide injections: follow-up study of Teriparatide Once-Weekly Efficacy Research (TOWER) trial. Curr Med Res Opin. 2013;29(3):195–203.PubMed
46.
Finkelstein JS, Wyland JJ, Lee H, Neer RM. Effects of teriparatide, alendronate, or both in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(4):1838–45.PubMedCentralPubMed
47.
Koski AM, Loyttyniemi E, Vaananen H, Laine H, Niskanen L, Nevalainen PI, et al. The effectiveness of teriparatide in the clinical practice—attenuation of the bone mineral density outcome by increasing age and bisphosphonate pretreatment. Ann Med. 2013;45(3):230–5.PubMed
48.
Tsai JN, Uihlein AV, Lee H, Kumbhani R, Siwila-Sackman E, McKay EA, et al. Teriparatide and denosumab, alone or combined, in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: the DATA study randomised trial. Lancet. 2013;382(9886):50–6.PubMedCentralPubMed
49.
Nakamura T, Sugimoto T, Nakano T, Kishimoto H, Ito M, Fukunaga M, et al. Randomized teriparatide [human parathyroid hormone (PTH) 1–34] once-weekly efficacy research (TOWER) trial for examining the reduction in new vertebral fractures in subjects with primary osteoporosis and high fracture risk. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(9):3097–106.PubMed
50.
Genant HK, Libanati C, Engelke K, Zanchetta JR, Hoiseth A, Yuen CK, et al. Improvements in hip trabecular, subcortical, and cortical density and mass in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis treated with denosumab. Bone. 2013;56(2):482–8.PubMed
51.
Cummings SR, San Martin J, McClung MR, Siris ES, Eastell R, Reid IR, et al. Denosumab for prevention of fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(8):756–65.PubMed
52.
Bone HG, Chapurlat R, Brandi ML, Brown JP, Czerwinski E, Krieg MA, et al. The effect of three or six years of denosumab exposure in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: results from the FREEDOM extension. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(11):4483–92.PubMedCentralPubMed
53.
Brown JP, Prince RL, Deal C, Recker RR, Kiel DP, de Gregorio LH. Comparison of the effect of denosumab and alendronate on BMD and biochemical markers of bone turnover in postmenopausal women with low bone mass: a randomized, blinded, phase 3 trial. J Bone Miner Res. 2009;24(1):153–61.PubMed
54.
Kendler DL, McClung MR, Freemantle N, Lillestol M, Moffett AH, Borenstein J, et al. Adherence, preference, and satisfaction of postmenopausal women taking denosumab or alendronate. Osteoporos Int. 2011;22(6):1725–35.PubMed
55.
Paparodis R, Buehring B, Pelley EM, Binkley N. A case of an unusual subtrochanteric fracture in a patient receiving denosumab. Endocr Pract. 2013;19(3):e64–8.PubMed
56.
Diz P, Lopez-Cedrun JL, Arenaz J, Scully C. Denosumab-related osteonecrosis of the jaw. J Am Dent Assoc. 2012;143(9):981–4.PubMed
57.
Stopeck AT, Lipton A, Body JJ, Steger GG, Tonkin K, de Boer RH, et al. Denosumab compared with zoledronic acid for the treatment of bone metastases in patients with advanced breast cancer: a randomized, double-blind study. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(35):5132–9.PubMed
58.
Silva-Fernandez L, Rosario MP, Martinez-Lopez JA, Carmona L, Loza E. Denosumab for the treatment of osteoporosis: a systematic literature review. Reumatol Clin. 2013;9(1):42–52.PubMed
59.
Canalis E, Hott M, Deloffre P, Tsouderos Y, Marie PJ. The divalent strontium salt S12911 enhances bone cell replication and bone formation in vitro. Bone. 1996;18(6):517–23.PubMed
60.
Baron R, Tsouderos Y. In vitro effects of S12911-2 on osteoclast function and bone marrow macrophage differentiation. Eur J Pharmacol. 2002;450(1):11–7.PubMed
61.
Arlot ME, Jiang Y, Genant HK, Zhao J, Burt-Pichat B, Roux JP, et al. Histomorphometric and microCT analysis of bone biopsies from postmenopausal osteoporotic women treated with strontium ranelate. J Bone Miner Res. 2008;23(2):215–22.PubMed
62.
Reginster JY, Kaufman JM, Goemaere S, Devogelaer JP, Benhamou CL, Felsenberg D, et al. Maintenance of antifracture efficacy over 10 years with strontium ranelate in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2012;23(3):1115–22.PubMedCentralPubMed
63.
Reginster JY, Felsenberg D, Boonen S, Diez-Perez A, Rizzoli R, Brandi ML, et al. Effects of long-term strontium ranelate treatment on the risk of nonvertebral and vertebral fractures in postmenopausal osteoporosis: results of a five-year, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58(6):1687–95.PubMed
64.
Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee. PRAC recommends restriction in the use of Protelos/Osseor 2013. http://​www.​ema.​europa.​eu/​docs/​en_​GB/​document_​library/​Medicine_​QA/​human/​000560/​WC500142021.​pdf.​ Accessed 19 Nov 2014.
65.
66.
Tang BM, Eslick GD, Nowson C, Smith C, Bensoussan A. Use of calcium or calcium in combination with vitamin D supplementation to prevent fractures and bone loss in people aged 50 years and older: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2007;370(9588):657–66.PubMed
67.
Recker RR, Hinders S, Davies KM, Heaney RP, Stegman MR, Lappe JM, et al. Correcting calcium nutritional deficiency prevents spine fractures in elderly women. J Bone Miner Res. 1996;11(12):1961–6.PubMed
68.
Chung M, Lee J, Terasawa T, Lau J, Trikalinos TA. Vitamin D with or without calcium supplementation for prevention of cancer and fractures: an updated meta-analysis for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2011;155(12):827–38.PubMed
69.
70.
Prince RL, Devine A, Dhaliwal SS, Dick IM. Effects of calcium supplementation on clinical fracture and bone structure: results of a 5-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in elderly women. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(8):869–75.PubMed
71.
Grant AM, Avenell A, Campbell MK, McDonald AM, MacLennan GS, McPherson GC, et al. Oral vitamin D3 and calcium for secondary prevention of low-trauma fractures in elderly people (randomised evaluation of calcium or vitamin D, RECORD): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;365(9471):1621–8.PubMed
72.
Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, Gass M, Wallace RB, Robbins J, Lewis CE, et al. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(7):669–83.PubMed
73.
Moyer VA. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation to prevent fractures in adults: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2013;158(9):691–6.PubMed
74.
Homik J, Suarez-Almazor ME, Shea B, Cranney A, Wells G, Tugwell P. Calcium and vitamin D for corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000(2):CD000952.
75.
Avenell A, Gillespie WJ, Gillespie LD, O’Connell D. Vitamin D and vitamin D analogues for preventing fractures associated with involutional and post-menopausal osteoporosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009(2):CD000227.
76.
Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes for calcium and Vitamin D. Institute of Medicine; Washington, DC 2010.
77.
Heaney RP, Weaver CM, Fitzsimmons ML. Influence of calcium load on absorption fraction. J Bone Miner Res. 1990;5(11):1135–8.PubMed
78.
Devine A, Criddle RA, Dick IM, Kerr DA, Prince RL. A longitudinal study of the effect of sodium and calcium intakes on regional bone density in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995;62(4):740–5.PubMed
79.
Recker RR. Calcium absorption and achlorhydria. N Engl J Med. 1985;313(2):70–3.PubMed
80.
Bolland MJ, Avenell A, Baron JA, Grey A, MacLennan GS, Gamble GD, et al. Effect of calcium supplements on risk of myocardial infarction and cardiovascular events: meta-analysis. BMJ. 2010;341:c3691.PubMedCentralPubMed
81.
Wang L, Manson JE, Song Y, Sesso HD. Systematic review: vitamin D and calcium supplementation in prevention of cardiovascular events. Ann Intern Med. 2010;152(5):315–23.PubMed
82.
Lewis JR, Ivey KL, Radavelli-Bagatini S, et al. The effects of calcium supplementation on coronary heart disease hospitalisation and death in postmenopausal women: a collaborative meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Osteoporos Int. 2014;25:OC34.
83.
Lewis JR, Calver J, Zhu K, Flicker L, Prince RL. Calcium supplementation and the risks of atherosclerotic vascular disease in older women: results of a 5-year RCT and a 4.5-year follow-up. J Bone Miner Res. 2011;26(1):35–41.PubMed
84.
Clemens TL, Adams JS, Henderson SL, Holick MF. Increased skin pigment reduces the capacity of skin to synthesise vitamin D3. Lancet. 1982;1(8263):74–6.PubMed
85.
Holick MF. Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80(6 Suppl):1678–88.
86.
Moore C, Murphy MM, Keast DR, Holick MF. Vitamin D intake in the United States. J Am Diet Assoc. 2004;104(6):980–3.PubMed
87.
Pilz S, Dobnig H, Tomaschitz A, Kienreich K, Meinitzer A, Friedl C, et al. Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with increased mortality in female nursing home residents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(4):E653–7.PubMed
88.
Reid IR, Bolland MJ, Grey A. Effects of vitamin D supplements on bone mineral density: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2014;383(9912):146–55.PubMed
89.
Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Willett WC, Wong JB, Giovannucci E, Dietrich T, Dawson-Hughes B. Fracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 2005;293(18):2257–64.PubMed
90.
Poole CD, Smith JC, Davies JS. The short-term impact of vitamin D-based hip fracture prevention in older adults in the United Kingdom. J Endocrinol Invest. 2014;37(9):811–7. doi:10.1007/s40618-014-0109-2.PubMed
91.
Armas LA, Hollis BW, Heaney RP. Vitamin D2 is much less effective than vitamin D3 in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(11):5387–91.PubMed
92.
Sanders KM, Stuart AL, Williamson EJ, Simpson JA, Kotowicz MA, Young D, et al. Annual high-dose oral vitamin D and falls and fractures in older women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2010;303(18):1815–22.PubMed
93.
National Osteoporosis Foundation. Following is a statement by the national osteoporosis foundation on vitamin D recommendations. 2014. http://​nof.​org/​news/​219. Accessed: 30 March 2014.
94.
American Geriatrics Society Workgroup on Vitamin D Supplementation for Older Adults. Recommendations abstracted from the American Geriatrics Society consensus statement on vitamin D for prevention of falls and their consequences. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014;62(1):147–52.
95.
Gallagher JC, Sai A, Templin T, II, Smith L. Dose response to vitamin D supplementation in postmenopausal women: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2012;156(6):425–37.PubMed
96.
Dhonukshe-Rutten RA, Lips M, de Jong N, Chin APMJ, Hiddink GJ, van Dusseldorp M, et al. Vitamin B-12 status is associated with bone mineral content and bone mineral density in frail elderly women but not in men. J Nutr. 2003;133(3):801–7.PubMed
97.
Sato Y, Honda Y, Iwamoto J, Kanoko T, Satoh K. Effect of folate and mecobalamin on hip fractures in patients with stroke: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2005;293(9):1082–8.PubMed
98.
Uzzan B, Cohen R, Nicolas P, Cucherat M, Perret GY. Effects of statins on bone mineral density: a meta-analysis of clinical studies. Bone. 2007;40(6):1581–7.PubMed
99.
Wang PS, Solomon DH, Mogun H, Avorn J. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and the risk of hip fractures in elderly patients. JAMA. 2000;283(24):3211–6.PubMed
100.
Pasco JA, Henry MJ, Sanders KM, Kotowicz MA, Seeman E, Nicholson GC. Beta-adrenergic blockers reduce the risk of fracture partly by increasing bone mineral density: Geelong Osteoporosis Study. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19(1):19–24.PubMed
101.
Schlienger RG, Kraenzlin ME, Jick SS, Meier CR. Use of beta-blockers and risk of fractures. JAMA. 2004;292(11):1326–32.PubMed
102.
Kallala R, Barrow J, Graham SM, Kanakaris N, Giannoudis PV. The in vitro and in vivo effects of nicotine on bone, bone cells and fracture repair. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2013;12(2):209–33.PubMed
103.
Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A, Johansson H, De Laet C, Eisman JA, et al. Smoking and fracture risk: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16(2):155–62.PubMed
104.
Cornuz J, Feskanich D, Willett WC, Colditz GA. Smoking, smoking cessation, and risk of hip fracture in women. Am J Med. 1999;106(3):311–4.PubMed
105.
Berg KM, Kunins HV, Jackson JL, Nahvi S, Chaudhry A, Harris KA Jr, et al. Association between alcohol consumption and both osteoporotic fracture and bone density. Am J Med. 2008;121(5):406–18.PubMedCentralPubMed
106.
Bianchi ML, Bardella MT. Bone in celiac disease. Osteoporos Int. 2008;19(12):1705–16.PubMed
107.
Lukert BP, Raisz LG. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: pathogenesis and management. Ann Intern Med. 1990;112(5):352–64.PubMed
108.
Reid IR, Heap SW. Determinants of vertebral mineral density in patients receiving long-term glucocorticoid therapy. Arch Intern Med. 1990;150(12):2545–8.PubMed
109.
Diem SJ, Blackwell TL, Stone KL, Yaffe K, Haney EM, Bliziotes MM, et al. Use of antidepressants and rates of hip bone loss in older women: the study of osteoporotic fractures. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(12):1240–5.PubMed
110.
Yang YX, Lewis JD, Epstein S, Metz DC. Long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy and risk of hip fracture. JAMA. 2006;296(24):2947–53.PubMed
111.
Mintzer S, Boppana P, Toguri J, DeSantis A. Vitamin D levels and bone turnover in epilepsy patients taking carbamazepine or oxcarbazepine. Epilepsia. 2006;47(3):510–5.PubMed
112.
Hallstrom H, Wolk A, Glynn A, Michaelsson K. Coffee, tea and caffeine consumption in relation to osteoporotic fracture risk in a cohort of Swedish women. Osteoporos Int. 2006;17(7):1055–64.PubMed
113.
Zhou Y, Zhu ZL, Guan XX, Hou WW, Yu HY. Reciprocal roles between caffeine and estrogen on bone via differently regulating cAMP/PKA pathway: the possible mechanism for caffeine-induced osteoporosis in women and estrogenʹs antagonistic effects. Med Hypotheses. 2009;73(1):83–5.PubMed
114.
Rapuri PB, Gallagher JC, Nawaz Z. Caffeine decreases vitamin D receptor protein expression and 1,25(OH)2D3 stimulated alkaline phosphatase activity in human osteoblast cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2007;103(3–5):368–71.PubMed
115.
Heaney RP. Effects of caffeine on bone and the calcium economy. Food Chem Toxicol. 2002;40(9):1263–70.PubMed
116.
Blum M, Dolnikowski G, Seyoum E, Harris SS, Booth SL, Peterson J, et al. Vitamin D(3) in fat tissue. Endocr. 2008;33(1):90–4.
117.
Johnson JM, Maher JW, DeMaria EJ, Downs RW, Wolfe LG, Kellum JM. The long-term effects of gastric bypass on vitamin D metabolism. Ann Surg. 2006;243(5):701–4. (discussion 4–5).PubMedCentralPubMed
118.
Heber D, Greenway FL, Kaplan LM, Livingston E, Salvador J, Still C. Endocrine and nutritional management of the post-bariatric surgery patient: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(11):4823–43.PubMed
119.
120.
Risser WL, Lee EJ, LeBlanc A, Poindexter HB, Risser JM, Schneider V. Bone density in eumenorrheic female college athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1990;22(5):570–4.PubMed
121.
Sinaki M, Wahner HW, Bergstralh EJ, Hodgson SF, Offord KP, Squires RW, et al. Three-year controlled, randomized trial of the effect of dose-specified loading and strengthening exercises on bone mineral density of spine and femur in nonathletic, physically active women. Bone. 1996;19(3):233–44.PubMed
122.
Palombaro KM. Effects of walking-only interventions on bone mineral density at various skeletal sites: a meta-analysis. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2005;28(3):102–7.PubMed
123.
Sinaki M, Itoi E, Wahner HW, Wollan P, Gelzcer R, Mullan BP, et al. Stronger back muscles reduce the incidence of vertebral fractures: a prospective 10 year follow-up of postmenopausal women. Bone. 2002;30(6):836–41.PubMed
124.
Howe TE, Shea B, Dawson LJ, Downie F, Murray A, Ross C, et al. Exercise for preventing and treating osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Jul 6;(7):CD000333.
125.
Gillespie LD, Robertson MC, Gillespie WJ, Sherrington C, Gates S, Clemson LM, et al. Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;9:CD007146.PubMed
126.
Moncada LV. Management of falls in older persons: a prescription for prevention. Am Fam Physician. 2011;84(11):1267–76.PubMed
127.
Rubenstein L. Hip protectors—a breakthrough in fracture prevention. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(21):1562–3.PubMed
128.
Cummings P, Weiss NS. External hip protectors and risk of hip fracture. JAMA. 2003;290(7):884. (author reply 5).PubMed
129.
Kiel DP, Magaziner J, Zimmerman S, Ball L, Barton BA, Brown KM, et al. Efficacy of a hip protector to prevent hip fracture in nursing home residents: the HIP PRO randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2007;298(4):413–22.PubMed
130.
Santesso N, Carrasco-Labra A, Brignardello-Petersen R. Hip protectors for preventing hip fractures in older people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;3:CD001255.PubMed
131.
Lieberman IH, Dudeney S, Reinhardt MK, Bell G. Initial outcome and efficacy of “kyphoplasty” in the treatment of painful osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2001;26(14):1631–8.
132.
Buchbinder R, Osborne RH, Ebeling PR, Wark JD, Mitchell P, Wriedt C, et al. A randomized trial of vertebroplasty for painful osteoporotic vertebral fractures. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(6):557–68.PubMed
133.
Kallmes DF, Comstock BA, Heagerty PJ, Turner JA, Wilson DJ, Diamond TH, et al. A randomized trial of vertebroplasty for osteoporotic spinal fractures. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(6):569–79.PubMedCentralPubMed
134.
Gui XG, Ru XL, Jiang ZH, Song BS. [Analysis of perioperative complications of percutaneous kyphoplasty for osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture]. Zhongguo Gu Shang. 2013;26(3):205–9.PubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Treatment of osteoporosis: current state of the art
verfasst von
Irene Hamrick, MD
Sarina Schrager, MD
Ann Marie Nye, PharmD
Publikationsdatum
01.02.2015
Verlag
Springer Vienna
Erschienen in
Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift / Ausgabe 3-4/2015
Print ISSN: 0043-5341
Elektronische ISSN: 1563-258X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10354-014-0335-4

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 3-4/2015

Reduction of coronary risk factors immediately and 1 year after inpatient rehabilitation in a highly motivated patient cohort

  • original article

Cathepsin K-Inhibitoren: präklinische und klinische Daten

  • main topic

Molecular and cellular basis of bone resorption

  • main topic

Myiasis on squamous cell carcinoma of skin

  • brief report

Cathepsin K inhibitors: emerging treatment options for osteoporosis

  • editorial